Features
Coal As Potential Source Of Energy
One of the greatest challenges facing President Goodluck Jonathan’s administration is inadequate power supply in the country. Like its successors, Jonathan’s government has been trying to tackle the energy crisis to no avail. While neighbouring countries like Ghana are enjoying uninterrupted power supply for almost me year, Nigeria, despite its vast economic base and endowed natural resources, has been bedevilled by epileptic power supply.
It all seems as if the Federal Government is in a helpless situation as to how to tackle energy crisis in the country.
Recently however, President Goodluck Jonathan initiated a Power Sector Reform Agenda, which was partly hinged on the use of coal as an alternative source of energy.
The president was determined to end the energy crisis by exploiting the potential of alternative power sources, such as coal, hydro, wind, solar and biomass.
While unveiling the roadmap for power sector reforms, Jonathan stressed that the country’s coal resources would be used to power electricity plants in states such as Gombe, Kogi, Enugu and Benue.
He also said that private companies would be encouraged to build gas-fired and hydro-power plants, while the Federal Government would enhance the access of potential investors in the power sector to credit facilities.
Jonathan said that under the power sector reforms agenda, the thermal generating plants of the PHCN would be privatised via the sale of a minimum of 51 percent equity to core investors with established technical and financial ability to operate and expand each plant.
It will be recalled that prior to oil and gas, coal was the main source of energy for virtually all the economies across the world, as home appliances, industrial plants and electricity generation plants vastly relied on the use of coal.
In Nigeria, for instance, following the discovery of coal in commercial quantities in Udi, near Enugu, in 1909;the Federal Government established, the Nigerian Coal Corporation (NCC) in 1950 and charged it with the responsibility of exploring, developing, and exploiting the country’s coal resources.
Shortly after, more discoveries were made in some states, including Abia, Anambra, Imo, Kogi, Delta, Plateau, Ebonyi, Gombe, Benue, Edo, Bauchi, Cross River and Adamawa.
In view of the discovery of new coal deposits, the NCC increased its coal production in the Enugu mines from 583,487 tonnes to 905,397 tonnes between 1950 and 1959.
The appreciable increase in coal production provoked the establishment of coal-fired plants in Orji River, Enugu State, and in some other places, the coal was also used to power coal-fired locomotives and cement production plants, among others.
The situation however changed, following the 1966-1970 Nigerian civil war, which drastically affected coal production in the country, as production plummeted to less than 100,000 tonnes in the 1980s as a result of the war.
The discovery of petroleum and the advent of gas-powered engines and machines in the 1970s further affected Nigeria’s coal production in a negative way. Since then, the use of coal to generate power has been on the decline.
Vice President Namadi Sambo re-echoed government’s plans to exploit the use of coal and other energy sources in electricity generation.
“In view of the high capital costs and long lead times required to develop commercial power generation through solar, wind, nuclear and biomass, the Federal Government will focus its development efforts on hydro, coal and natural gas,’’ he said.
The Minister of Mines and Steel Development, Mr Musa Sada, also underscored the government’s resolve to fully exploit the potential of coal, while speaking during the inauguration of the Nigeria Mining Cadastre Office last year.
“According to him, “coal has been admitted into the nation’s energy mix as it would be used for coal-fired electricity power generating plants,’’ he said..
The minister also noted that coal could also be used for domestic purposes, particularly in the production of coal briquettes for cooking.
Sada, however, noted that some of the constraints limiting the development of the coal industry included inadequate financial resources to procure equipment such as drilling rigs, laboratory equipment and transit vehicles.
He also identified inadequate manpower development as one of the factors hindering the actualisation of the industry’s development goals and solicited increased funding by the government and stakeholders to aid the development of the coal sector.
Analysts say that tangible efforts should be directed at stimulating coal development and utilisation in pragmatic ways, adding that the country’s vast coal reserves underscore the need for such action.
For instance, the former Minister of Minister Mines and Steel Development, Mrs Deziani Alison-Madueke, said that Nigeria had estimated coal reserves of 2,734 million metric tonnes and inferred reserves of 391.42 million metric tonnes, located across the country.
“Coal remains the most important fuel for power generation worldwide and it will remain so for decades to come,’’ Alison-Madueke said at the 2009 ministerial news briefing.
“According her, “industrialised nations of Europe, Asia and North America effectively utilise coal for their electricity-generating facilities and the Federal government has endorsed coal for the country’s energy mix, as part of its determination to meet our short-term and long-term energy requirements.’’
Efforts to improve electricity supply in the country through coal-fired plants, received a boost when Skipper and Energy Company, a firm operating in the Middle East, India, Switzerland and Ghana, announced in 2010, plans to establish two coal-fired power plants in Nigeria by 2013.
Mr Jitender Sachdeva, the company’s President, said that the plants, which would cost about N1.5 billion U.S. dollars, would be sited in Odu and Abocho in Kogi State, using coal from nearby Okaba and Ogbogbo coal mines where the company had concessions.
Sachdeva, who disclosed this in a media interview in Abuja in 2011, said that each of the coal-fired plants would have the capacity of generating 500 megawatts of electricity.
The Registrar of Council of Nigeria Mining Engineers and Geoscientists (COMEG),Mr Jonathan Ikeakor, expressed support for the use of coal-fired plants to generate more electricity for the citizens.
“The crisis bedevilling Nigeria’s energy sector at present could be solved by using coal as an alternative avenue of generating electricity in the country,’’ he said.
Stressing that coal could be found in about 11 states across the country, Ikeazor noted that the technology for coal power plants was not as complicated as that of gas plants, nuclear power plans and hydro power plants, among others.
The registrar recalled that Nigeria used to generate power from coal at Orji River in the 1970s, as the thermal plant there was generating electricity for the people of eastern Nigeria.
He stressed that coal could be used to generate electricity in-situ for neighbourhoods around the mining site, adding that such arrangements were cheaper than other energy projects as there would be no need to transport coal to other places for use in plants.
He also noted that the cost of establishing coal-fired plants was quite cheaper than building other plants like nuclear power plants and hydro power plants.
“All that is needed in building a coal-fired power plant is just to put in place transmission lines to national grid and distribute electricity to the public,’’ he said.
Ikeazor, nonetheless, stressed that coal mining and uses could only thrive in the nation, if the government resolved to give it the priority attention it deserved.
He said that foreign entrepreneurs would be encouraged to invest in Nigeria’s coal sector if it was fully developed like those of Ghana, Zambia, Mozambique, and South Africa.
He said that apart from its use in power generation, several products could also be derived from coal, adding that it could be used for domestic purposes such as cooking food and fuel for pressing irons.
“Once you can show investors that you have coal, lead or zinc in commercial quantities they will show interest,’’ he said.
The President of Nigerian Mining and Geosciences Society (NMGS), Mr Akin George, said that Nigeria’s sub-bituminous coals and lignite were among the best in the world because of their low ash, low sulphur, and high calorific values.
George, who said this at the 7th annual NMGS series held in Abuja last year, stressed that the country’s coal, apart from its high export potential, could be used to generate electricity and produce smokeless coal briquettes for cooking.
He lamented that Nigeria was no longer producing coal due to factors such as the dearth of the enabling infrastructure and the flooding of the underground Onyeama and Opara mines.
George stressed that foreign investors had lost interest in the development of the country’s coal resources partly because of the deficient infrastructure and the lack of adequate and reliable data for investment purposes.
He noted that Nigeria lost the opportunity presented by the Ghanaian government in 2000 to execute its smokeless coal project at Enugu.
He recalled that instead of encouraging the use of the locally designed and fabricated coal briquette equipment in the project, the project executors opted for the importation of equipment from overseas countries at exorbitant costs which were not budgeted for in that year.
Re-echoing the sentiments of other stakeholders, George urged the government to revive the country’s coal mines and reposition the coal sector to attract potential investors.
Mmaduakolam, writes for News Agency of Nigeria .
Gregory Mmaduakolam
From the fore going, the fight against drug trafficking should be treated as an international challenge with open collaboration, if the world leadership must win the fight!.
The circumstances or should I say the improvement on drug related activities are modifying and updating on daily basis. A close friend of mine in the United States of America who recently visited Jamaica, came with a lot of complicated information about drug trafficking and transaction. Being a qualified Nurse in US and on a visit to the Reggae Country (Jamaica), she said she was put aback when a man approached her and introduced himself as a Pharmacist. According to her, she immediately picked interest due to her professional background. To her, a business partner is birthed. But she was shocked to the narrows on learning that drug dealers or traffickers and subriquited Pharmacist in that Country. From her account, they ( The Jamaican Pharmacists), are the first set to people to meet and greet you at the Airport. No government or authority challenges them in the open due to the sophisticated nature of their transportation
Come to think of it, who would want to attack a Pharmacist on duty? Nigerians are not left out in the improvement on drug deal. A chat with a confident in the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency ( NDLEA) Rivers State Command, so revealed. The Officer draw my attention to the movement of Dispatch Riders. He said part of the reasons they ride with almost speed equivalent of the thunder lightning, is to meet up with the appointment of delivering hard drug consignment to a client of theirs. According to him, those guys popularly referred to as Yahoo Boys are the ones who now payroll dispatch riders so that they can deliver their consignment ( hard drugs) on schedule no matter the sort of traffic or weather condition. The fear of loosing rich clients and that of the unknown treatment that may come of the Boys, as the officer puts it, drives the Riders crazy thus the reason to speed even at the expense of their lives.
The account of a prominent Party Promoter, Wayne Anthony, as obtained online recently, also pointed out that ‘No Legislation Will Stop Clubbers From Doing Drugs’ Party promoter, Wayne Anthony, arrived in Ibiza, a Spanish Island in 1988, at the same time as dance music and the party drug ecstasy. Despite hallucinating badly enough to make him give up the lifestyle forever, he says laws will never stop clubbers taking drugs. “I don’t think you can control these things,” said former party promoter Wayne Anthony. He arrived in Ibiza in 1988 and began setting up club nights and raves in some of the island’s most iconic venues. In the years that followed, the sleepy Spanish island turned into a raver’s haven of clubbing and hedonism, with party drugs like ecstasy commonly found. “What Ibiza represented was this beautiful, hot island which was visually stunning and we knew you could party there quite legally,” said Wayne. “You didn’t have to look over your shoulder. You could just be as free as you possibly could be.”
That freedom came with a price. Along with the lavish clubs, all-day-benders and hot Spanish sun came drug cartels and crime. The city transformed into one the world’s most vibrant party capitals, “fuelled by a dangerous and lucrative drugs trade which drew as many criminals to its shores as it did party animals”. Wayne, one of the contributors to the documentary, spoke to Sky News ahead of its release.”I’m not going to sit here and say the cartels aren’t there. They are all there and they’ve been there from the ’90s,” said Wayne. But he said most people tried to ignore the organised crime going on around them. According to Wayne, clubbers usually took the approach of: “‘Give me 10 E’s . Behind the scenes of the filming of Ibiza Narcos with Wayne Anthony. Behind the scenes of the filming of Ibiza Narcos with Wayne Anthony. Hallucinating giant spiders Although he described the Balearic island as the “motherland”, it was eventually a bad experience with drugs that convinced Wayne it was time to leave Ibiza.
He’d been partying for days when he realised he’d taken too many drugs. A friend told him to drink cough medicine, dangerous advice that he now says could have killed him. “I saw the worst hallucination I’ve ever seen in all of my life. I ended up locking myself in the villa with all the shutters down. When he sobered up, he realised he had “come to the end” of his party life on the island. “I never looked back. I never took another drug. I got away from the club world.” ‘I don’t think you’re going to be able to stop it’ Despite his life-changing experience, he doesn’t think criminalising drugs is a good idea – or particularly effective. “If you’re old enough to vote for who’s going to be a world leader, if you’re old enough to put your name down on debt for 25 years, I feel like you should be old enough to govern what you put inside your own body, you know?” said Wayne.
Back to Nigeria, some illicit drugs worth over N30billion seized at Onne Port in Rivers State.
This blood chilling development forced the Federal Government to declare a state of emergency at the Onne Port, following what authorities described as repeated incidents of importation of dangerous cargo, including arms and ammunition through the said port. To this effect, the government said it was immediately implementing emergency protocols at Onne Port for the next three months by conducting thorough examinations of all suspected containers in the premises.
The Comptroller-General of Customs, Bashir Adeniyi, in charge of the port via a press conference, said it henceforth, unveiled the seizures of illicit goods by the Nigeria Customs Service, Area 2 Command, Onne in Eleme Local Government Area of Rivers State. In defence for his action, Adeniyi said the recurring incidents posed a threat to national security, adding that the health of citizens at the Onne Port is increasingly being used as a destination for dangerous and illicit cargo, describing it as a disturbing trend.
The customs boss stated, “Earlier today, I joined numerous stakeholders to take a significant step towards the cause of trade facilitation through the inauguration of upgraded facilities provided by the West Africa Container Terminal, Onne. “As I express delight that trade facilitation is getting traction in Onne Port, I cannot help but call your attention to a grave concern. This has to do with the repeated incidents of national security breaches unfolding in Onne Port. I appreciate your presence, as we all have a shared responsibility in safeguarding our national security. As we are all aware, the policy thrust of Mr President supports the re-energising of our business environment to drive faster import clearance and grow our capacity for exports, Our emphasis has been to promote initiatives that speak to Trade facilitation and economic development. “It is a matter of regret that criminal elements in the international supply chain are exploiting our pro-trade stance to commit atrocities bordering on national security breaches”.
“The attempts to test our will through the importation of dangerous cargo through this port has necessitated the declaration of a state of emergency in Onne Port, coming on the heels of a seizure of a huge cache of arms a couple of months ago. It is disheartening that perpetrators have not backed down on their illegal acts. Recent intelligence and seizures have revealed a disturbing trend; Onne Port is increasingly being used as a destination for dangerous and illicit cargo. The scale and nature of these illegal importations pose a significant threat to our national security and the health of our citizens. Today, we are here to showcase yet another series of significant seizures made by the diligent officers of the Area 2 Command. On display are twelve containers of illicit goods intercepted through a combination of intelligence gathering, inter-agency collaboration, and meticulous physical examination. Seizures on Display include: Three (3) x 40-feet containers: Containing 562,600 bottles of 100ml cough syrup with codeine and 3,150 pieces of chilly cutters, with a Paid Duty Value (DPV) of N4,716,573,846.
“Others are, three x 40-feet containers containing 380,000 bottles of 100ml cough syrup with codeine, 24,480,000 tablets of Royal Tramadol Hydrochloride, 5,350,000 tablets of Tapentadol and Carisoprodol, and other items, with a DPV of N17,432,506,000 were seized”.
According to the report, more seized items were, “Five (5) x 40-feet containers; Containing 892,400 bottles of 100ml cough syrup with codeine, 1,300,000 tablets of 50mg Really Extra Diclofenac, 7,250,000 tablets of 5mg Trodol Benzhexol, and other items, with a DPV of N8, 128,568,295,90. This very action of the Nigeria Customs Service, further complicated the hope of how soon the fight against drug trafficking could be brought to a halt owing to its high profile nature.
Another hair-raising report of the illicit drug deal has it that when NDLEA bursted a Snake-Guarded Shrine Used For Storing Illicit Drugs sometime ago in Edo State. This very news report was published in The Tide Newspaper on June 24, 2024. According to the report, NDLEA said its operatives uncovered a shrine, guarded by a snake, being used for storing illicit drugs, during an operation in Edo State. The Agency in a statement by its spokesperson, Femi Babafemi, added that its operatives discovered a specially constructed large hole in a wall, hidden behind wallpapers and fetish objects used for drug storage. It further noted that methamphetamine, Loud, Colorado and Arizona, all strong strains of cannabis with a total weight of 8.743kg among others, were recovered from the shrine.
To be cont’d
King Onunwor
The persistent clash between farmers and herders in Nigeria has been a longstanding issue. These conflicts, often, over resources like land and water, have led to loss of lives, destruction of property, displacement of large numbers of people, deep-seated mistrust between communities and insecurity. Herders, traditionally nomadic, move their livestock in search of grazing land and water. Farmers, on the other hand, require the same resources for their crops. This competition often leads to clashes, especially in areas where land is becoming increasingly scarce due to population growth, climate change, and environmental degradation. As these clashes intensify, there has been a growing call for sustainable solutions. Two weeks ago, President Bola Tinubu took a bold step towards tackling the issue by inaugurating the Presidential Committee on Implementation of Livestock Reforms and creating the Ministry of Livestock Development.
The committee which has the president as the chairman and the former Chairman of the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC), Professor Attahiru Jega as the deputy chairman has the mandate to address obstacles to agricultural productivity and open up new opportunities which benefit farmers, herders, processors, and distributors in the livestock-farming value chain as well as propose recommendations aimed at fostering a peaceful co-existence between herders and farmers, ensuring the security and economic well-being of Nigerians.The establishment of the Ministry of Livestock Development was part of the recommendations of the National Livestock Reforms Committee. Part of the 21 recommendations submitted to the president include: “This agenda should include the establishment and resuscitation of grazing reserves as suggested by many experts and well-meaning Nigerians and other methods of land utilisation.
“Create the Ministry of Livestock Resources in line with practice in many other West African countries. In the alternative, Federal and State Governments should expand the scope of existing Departments of Livestock Production to address the broader needs of the industry,” among others. Experts in the agricultural sector have posited that the livestock industry can create millions of jobs directly in farming, processing, and distribution, and indirectly in related sectors like feed production, veterinary services, and marketing. It provides livelihoods for rural populations, helping to reduce poverty and improve the quality of life in rural areas. It also increases the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and foreign exchange earnings through the exports of livestock and livestock products such as meat, dairy, wool and leather.
According to them, a well-funded livestock industry supports the growth of agro-processing sectors, such as meat packing, dairy processing, and leather manufacturing, adds value to raw products and creates additional economic activity as well as stimulates the development of supply chains, including logistics, packaging, and retail, contributing to broader economic growth. It enhances economic resilience by diversifying the agricultural sector and providing a buffer against crop failures or other agricultural shocks and many more. Some other agriculturists have also opined that the livestock industry in Nigeria is currently underdeveloped and that by the creation of the ministry of livestock development will open up the industry which will be a huge money spinner for Nigeria.
Reports have shown that a Livestock Ministry can play a pivotal role in mitigating conflicts between farmers and herders by implementing policies and programmes aimed at fostering coexistence and sustainable resource management. The Ministry can work towards clearly demarcating grazing routes and farming areas. This would reduce instances of trespassing and accidental crop destruction, a common flashpoint for conflict. While introducing rotational grazing systems can ensure that land is used sustainably, preventing overgrazing and land degradation, establishing water points and boreholes specifically for livestock can reduce competition for water resources. Similarly, promoting the development of pasturelands through reseeding and controlled burns can improve grazing conditions.
According to a veterinary doctor, Dr Andrew Obadiah, by providing training for herders on sustainable livestock practices and for farmers on conflict resolution, both parties can understand the importance of coexistence. He said that extension services of the ministry can offer advice on improving livestock health and productivity, reducing the need for large herds and extensive grazing. “Setting up local committees involving both farmers and herders to mediate disputes can provide a platform for dialogue and peaceful resolution. Encouraging community-based conflict early warning systems can help prevent clashes before they escalate”, he emphasised.For Mrs. Stella Ugwu, a farmer, having a ministry dedicated to the development of the livestock industry can help in diversifying income sources for both farmers and herders and in turn reduce dependence on land.
”For instance, promoting agro-pastoralism can provide farmers with livestock and herders with agricultural produce”, she explained, adding that providing incentives for adopting sustainable practices, such as subsidies for fodder production or crop insurance, can ease economic pressures. Ugwu was however of the opinion that the creation of a new ministry to handle livestock affairs was uncalled for, since the job can effectively be done by the Technical and Service Department of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and food security and its equivalent on the states level.In some countries, the establishment of a Livestock Ministry or similar bodies has shown promising results. For example, Ethiopia’s Ministry of Agriculture includes a dedicated department for livestock which has successfully implemented programmes to improve pastoral livelihoods and reduce conflicts.
In Kenya, the establishment of the National Drought Management Authority has helped manage resources better, thus reducing clashes between herders and farmers during dry seasons.The president of Miyetti Allah Cattle Breeders Association of Nigeria (MACBAN), Othman Ngelzarma, sees the Ministry of Livestock Development achieving the same feat for Nigeria in the near future. He told newsmen that, “MACBAN expresses its deepest appreciation to the Federal Government for creating a ministry of livestock to unlock the trillion-naira livestock economy and create qualitative and productive jobs across the value chain to improve the Nigerian economy. With this development, MACBAN believes the hope of the Nigerian pastoralists is now achieved under the Renewed Hope Agenda.
However, the Middle Belt Forum took a different view of the proposed Ministry of Livestock Development, saying it was not enough to sustainably resolve the decades-long farmers-herders crisis in the country. According to the National President of the association, Mr. Bitrus Pogu, what is needed to end the perennial farmers/herders clashes is a deliberate action by regulatory bodies and the government to stop criminal elements from carrying out deadly attacks on innocent Nigerians, mainly farmers. Hear him: “If the reason for creating the Ministry is to stop clashes, I think it is wrong because all of these attacks and killings that are happening have nothing to do with conflicts between farmers and herders. “Farmers have never connived at any given time to go and attack herders, but rather, criminals who happen to be Fulani gang up and attack farmers, kill, maim and chase them out of their ancestral homes.
“Then, the Fulani will come and occupy them. So, it is more about invasion, criminality, and terrorism. And the majority of those they hire to do these evils are not even those who have cattle. So, a deliberate action has to be taken by the government against the perpetrators, which will address the criminality.” Mr. Pogu suggested that the government should adopt ranching for productivity and enduring peace between the pastoralists and farmers in particular and the entire country in general.While the establishment of a Livestock Ministry presents a viable solution, it is not without challenges. Funding constraints, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and corruption can hamper its effectiveness. Additionally, deeply ingrained cultural practices and mistrust between farmers and herders can be difficult to overcome.
Critics argue that without a holistic approach that includes land reform, climate change adaptation, and broader economic development, a Livestock Ministry alone may not be sufficient. Therefore, it must work in tandem with other governmental and non-governmental bodies to ensure comprehensive solutions. “A dedicated Livestock Ministry, with its focus on sustainable resource management, conflict resolution, and economic incentives, offers a promising avenue to address the root causes of these clashes. However, its success depends on effective implementation, adequate funding, and the cooperation of all stakeholders involved. With the right strategies and commitment, devoid of any political or selfish interest, it can play a crucial role in fostering peace and prosperity in affected regions”, they advised.
Calista Ezeaku